Complementariedade do escore NUTRIC modificado com ou sem proteína C-reativa e avaliação subjetiva global na predição de mortalidade em pacientes críticos / Complementarity of modified NUTRIC score with or without C-reactive protein and subjective global assessment in predicting mortality in critically ill patients

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a concordância entre o escore NUTRIC modificado e o escore NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa na identificação de pacientes em risco nutricional e na predição da mortalidade entre pacientes críticos. Avaliou-se também o risco de óbito com agrupamento dos pacientes segundo o risco nutricional e a desnutrição detectada pela avaliação subjetiva global. Métodos: Estudo de coorte em pacientes admitidos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva. O risco nutricional foi avaliado por meio do escore NUTRIC modificado e uma versão do escore NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa. Aplicou-se avaliação subjetiva global para diagnóstico de desnutrição. Calculou-se a estatística de Kappa e construiu-se uma curva ROC considerando o NUTRIC modificado como referência. A validade preditiva foi avaliada considerando a mortalidade em 28 dias (na unidade de terapia intensiva e após a alta) como desfecho. Resultados: Estudaram-se 130 pacientes (63,05 ± 16,46 anos, 53,8% do sexo masculino). Segundo o NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa, 34,4% foram classificados como escore alto, enquanto 28,5% dos pacientes tiveram esta classificação com utilização do NUTRIC modificado. Segundo a avaliação subjetiva global, 48,1% dos pacientes estavam desnutridos. Observou-se concordância excelente entre o NUTRIC modificado e o NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa (Kappa = 0,88; p < 0,001). A área sob a curva ROC foi igual a 0,942 (0,881 - 1,000) para o NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa. O risco de óbito em 28 dias estava aumentado nos pacientes com escores elevados pelo NUTRIC modificado (HR = 1,827; IC95% 1,029 - 3,244; p = 0,040) e pelo NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa (HR = 2,685; IC95% 1,423 - 5,064; p = 0,002). Observou-se elevado risco de óbito nos pacientes com alto risco nutricional e desnutrição, independentemente da versão do NUTRIC aplicada. Conclusão: A concordância entre o escore NUTRIC modificado e o NUTRIC com proteína C-reativa foi excelente. Além disto, a combinação da avaliação com um escore NUTRIC mais avaliação subjetiva global pode aumentar a precisão para predição de mortalidade em pacientes críticos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the concordance between the modified NUTRIC and NUTRIC with C-reactive protein instruments in identifying nutritional risk patients and predicting mortality in critically ill patients. The risk of death in patient groups was also investigated according to nutritional risk and malnutrition detected by subjective global assessment. Methods: A cohort study of patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Nutritional risk was assessed by modified NUTRIC and a version of NUTRIC with C-reactive protein. Subjective global assessment was applied to diagnose malnutrition. Kappa statistics were calculated, and an ROC curve was constructed considering modified NUTRIC as a reference. The predictive validity was assessed considering mortality in 28 days (whether in the intensive care unit or after discharge) as the outcome. Results: A total of 130 patients were studied (63.05 ± 16.46 years, 53.8% males). According to NUTRIC with C-reactive protein, 34.4% were classified as having a high score, while 28.5% of patients had this classification with modified NUTRIC. According to SGA 48.1% of patients were malnourished. There was excellent agreement between modified NUTRIC and NUTRIC with C-reactive protein (Kappa = 0.88, p < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve was equal to 0.942 (0.881 - 1.000) for NUTRIC with C-reactive protein. The risk of death within 28 days was increased in patients with high modified NUTRIC (HR = 1.827; 95%CI 1.029 - 3.244; p = 0.040) and NUTRIC with C-reactive protein (HR = 2.685; 95%CI 1.423 - 5.064; p = 0.002) scores. A high risk of death was observed in patients with high nutritional risk and malnutrition, independent of the version of the NUTRIC score applied. Conclusion: An excellent agreement between modified NUTRIC and NUTRIC with C-reactive protein was observed. In addition, combining NUTRIC and subjective global assessment may increase the accuracy of predicting mortality in critically ill patients.

Associação entre achados eletromiográficos e mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo mecanicamente ventilados sob sedação profunda / Association between electromyographical findings and intensive care unit mortality among mechanically ventilated acute respiratory distress syndrome patients under profound sedation

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se os achados eletromiográficos podem prever a mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva em pacientes sépticos sob ventilação mecânica e sedação profunda. Métodos: Conduziu-se estudo prospectivo de coorte, que inscreveu, de forma consecutiva, pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo moderada a grave (pressão parcial de oxigênio/fração inspirada de oxigênio < 200) com idade ≥ 18 anos, dependentes de ventilação mecânica por 7 ou mais dias, e mantidos sob sedação profunda (escala de agitação e sedação de Richmond ≤ -4). Realizaram-se estudos eletromiográficos dos membros inferiores em todos os pacientes entre o sétimo e o décimo dia de ventilação mecânica. Registraram-se os potenciais de ação dos nervos sensitivos nos nervos mediano e sural, bem como os potenciais de ação compostos para os nervos mediano (músculo abdutor curto do polegar) e fibular comum (músculo extensor curto dos dedos). Resultados: Foram inscritos 17 pacientes durante os 7 meses de duração do estudo. Nove pacientes (53%) tinham sinais eletromiográficos de miopatia ou polineuropatia da doença crítica. O risco de óbito durante o tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva foi mais elevado nos pacientes com sinais eletromiográficos de miopatia ou polineuropatia da doença crítica, em comparação com aqueles sem esses diagnósticos (77,7% versus 12,5%; log-rank p = 0,02). Conclusão: A presença de sinais eletromiográficos de miopatia ou polineuropatia da doença crítica, entre o sétimo e décimo dias de ventilação mecânica, pode se associar com mortalidade na unidade de terapia intensiva em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo moderada a grave mantidos sob sedação profunda, nos quais não é possível proceder à avaliação clínica da força muscular.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate whether electromyographical findings could predict intensive care unit mortality among mechanically ventilated septic patients under profound sedation. Methods: A prospective cohort study that consecutively enrolled moderate-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen < 200) patients who were ≥ 18 years of age, dependent on mechanical ventilation for ≥ 7 days, and under profound sedation (Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale ≤ -4) was conducted. Electromyographic studies of the limbs were performed in all patients between the 7th and the 10th day of mechanical ventilation. Sensory nerve action potentials were recorded from the median and sural nerves. The compound muscle action potentials were recorded from the median (abductor pollicis brevis muscle) and common peroneal (extensor digitorum brevis muscle) nerves. Results: Seventeen patients were enrolled during the seven months of the study. Nine patients (53%) had electromyographic signs of critical illness myopathy or neuropathy. The risk of death during the intensive care unit stay was increased in patients with electromyographical signs of critical illness myopathy or neuropathy in comparison to those without these diagnostics (77.7% versus 12.5%, log-rank p = 0.02). Conclusion: Electromyographical signs of critical illness myopathy or neuropathy between the 7th and the 10th day of mechanical ventilation may be associated with intensive care unit mortality among moderate-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome patients under profound sedation, in whom clinical strength assessment is not possible.

Association between peripheral perfusion, microcirculation and mortality in sepsis: a systematic review / Associação entre perfusão periférica, microcirculação e mortalidade em sepse: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Although increasing evidence supports the monitoring of peripheral perfusion in septic patients, no systematic review has been undertaken to explore the strength of association between poor perfusion assessed in microcirculation of peripheral tissues and mortality. A search of the most important databases was carried out to find articles published until February 2018 that met the criteria of this study using different keywords: sepsis, mortality, prognosis, microcirculation and peripheral perfusion. The inclusion criteria were studies that assessed association between peripheral perfusion/microcirculation and mortality in sepsis. The exclusion criteria adopted were: review articles, animal/pre-clinical studies, meta-analyzes, abstracts, annals of congress, editorials, letters, case-reports, duplicate and articles that did not present abstracts and/or had no text. In the 26 articles were chosen in which 2465 patients with sepsis were evaluated using at least one recognized method for monitoring peripheral perfusion. The review demonstrated a heterogeneous critically ill group with a mortality-rate between 3% and 71% (median = 37% [28%-43%]). The most commonly used methods for measurement were Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) (7 articles) and Sidestream Dark-Field (SDF) imaging (5 articles). The vascular bed most studied was the sublingual/buccal microcirculation (8 articles), followed by fingertip (4 articles). The majority of the studies (23 articles) demonstrated a clear relationship between poor peripheral perfusion and mortality. In conclusion, the diagnosis of hypoperfusion/microcirculatory abnormalities in peripheral non-vital organs was associated with increased mortality. However, additional studies must be undertaken to verify if this association can be considered a marker of the gravity or a trigger factor for organ failure in sepsis.

Resumo Embora evidências crescentes apoiem a monitoração da perfusão periférica em pacientes sépticos, nenhuma revisão sistemática foi feita para explorar a força da associação entre a má perfusão avaliada na microcirculação dos tecidos periféricos e a mortalidade. Uma busca nas bases de dados mais importantes foi feita para encontrar artigos publicados até fevereiro de 2018 que correspondessem aos critérios deste estudo, com diferentes palavras-chave: sepse, mortalidade, prognóstico, microcirculação e perfusão periférica. Os critérios de inclusão foram estudos que avaliaram a associação entre perfusão/microcirculação periférica e mortalidade em sepse. Os critérios de exclusão adotados foram os seguintes: artigos de revisão, estudos com animais/pré-clínicos, metanálises, resumos, anais de congressos, editoriais, cartas, relatos de casos, artigos duplicados e artigos que não continham resumos e/ou texto. Foram selecionados 26 artigos nos quais 2465 pacientes com sepse foram avaliados com pelo menos um método reconhecido para monitorar a perfusão periférica. A revisão demonstrou um grupo heterogêneo de pacientes gravemente enfermos com uma taxa de mortalidade entre 3% e 71% (mediana = 37% [28%-43%]). Os métodos de avaliação mais comumente usados foram a espectroscopia na região do infravermelho próximo (Near-Infrared Spectroscopy - NIRS) (7 artigos) e a análise de imagens em campo escuro (Sidestream Dark-Field - SDF) (5 artigos). O leito vascular mais avaliado foi a microcirculação sublingual/bucal (8 artigos), seguida pela ponta do dedo (4 artigos). A maioria dos estudos (23 artigos) demonstrou uma clara relação entre má perfusão periférica e mortalidade. Em conclusão, o diagnóstico de hipoperfusão/anormalidades microcirculatórias em órgãos não vitais periféricos foi associado ao aumento da mortalidade. No entanto, estudos adicionais devem ser feitos para verificar se essa associação pode ser considerada um marcador da gravidade ou um fator desencadeante da falência de órgãos na sepse.

Tracheostomy in the ICU: hope or delusion?

Introduction: Current literature suggests that tracheostomy has no impact on survival in unselected intensive care unit (ICU) patients, and that it actually transfers mortality from ICU to the ward. Methods: Data from 71 adult subjects who underwent tracheostomy as part of their ICU management and were subsequently transferred to the ward were obtained retrospectively. Results: During 2015, 104 subjects received tracheostomy. Thirty-two died during their initial ICU admission (30.4%) and were excluded from analysis. Of the remaining 73 individuals, 28 died (38.3%) in hospital. Most common diagnoses were sepsis (33.8%) and neurological emergencies (23.9%). Life-sustaining treatments were withheld or withdrawn in 25 decedents. Seven subjects died in later hospitalizations at our institution over the period recorded. Conclusions: Tracheostomy may represent a burden after ICU discharge, involving high resource use and low survival rate. Efforts should be made to recognize patients who might clearly benefit from this technique to avoid unwanted prolonged mechanical ventilation. (AU)

Clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with referral of hospitalized elderly to palliative care / Características clínicas e laboratoriais associadas à indicação de cuidados paliativos em idosos hospitalizados

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with referral of acutely ill older adults to exclusive palliative care. Methods A retrospective cohort study based on 572 admissions of acutely ill patients aged 60 years or over to a university hospital located in São Paulo, Brazil, from 2009 to 2013. The primary outcome was the clinical indication for exclusive palliative care. Comprehensive geriatric assessments were used to measure target predictors, such as sociodemographic, clinical, cognitive, functional and laboratory data. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of palliative care. Results Exclusive palliative care was indicated in 152 (27%) cases. In the palliative care group, in-hospital mortality and 12 month cumulative mortality amounted to 50% and 66%, respectively. Major conditions prompting referral to palliative care were advanced dementia (45%), cancer (38%), congestive heart failure (25%), stage IV and V renal dysfunction (24%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (8%) and cirrhosis (4%). Major complications observed in the palliative care group included delirium (p<0.001), infections (p<0.001) and pressure ulcers (p<0.001). Following multivariate analysis, male sex (OR=2.12; 95%CI: 1.32-3.40), cancer (OR=7.36; 95%CI: 4.26-13.03), advanced dementia (OR=12.6; 95%CI: 7.5-21.2), and albumin levels (OR=0.25; 95%CI: 0.17-0.38) were identified as independent predictors of referral to exclusive palliative care. Conclusion Advanced dementia and cancer were the major clinical conditions associated with referral of hospitalized older adults to exclusive palliative care. High short-term mortality suggests prognosis should be better assessed and discussed with patients and families in primary care settings.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar as características clínicas e laboratoriais associadas à indicação de cuidados paliativos exclusivos em idosos gravemente enfermos. Métodos Neste estudo retrospectivo de coorte, foram incluídas 572 admissões de pacientes gravemente enfermos com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, em um hospital universitário, em São Paulo, no período de 2009 a 2013. O desfecho primário foi a indicação clínica de cuidados exclusivamente paliativos. Empregamos avaliações geriátricas amplas padronizadas para mensurar preditores de interesse, incluindo informações sociodemográficas, clínicas, cognitivas, funcionais e laboratoriais. Utilizamos modelos de regressão logística stepwise para identificar preditores independentes de cuidados paliativos. Resultados Foram indicados cuidados exclusivamente paliativos em 152 (27%) casos. No grupo de cuidados paliativos, a mortalidade hospitalar foi de 50%, sendo que a mortalidade acumulada em 12 meses atingiu 66%. Os diagnósticos mais frequentemente apontados como motivadores de cuidados paliativos foram demência avançada (45%), câncer (38%), insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (25%), insuficiência renal estágios 4 e 5 (24%), doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (8%) e cirrose (4%). As complicações mais comuns no grupo de cuidados paliativos foram delírio (p<0,001), infecções (p<0,001) e úlceras por pressão (p<0,001). Após análise multivariada, sexo masculino (OR=2,12; IC95%: 1,32-3,40), câncer (OR=7,36; IC95%: 4,26-13,03), demência avançada (OR=12,6; IC95%: 7,5-21,2) e níveis de albumina (OR=0,25; IC95%: 0,17-0,38) foram identificados como preditores independentes da indicação de cuidados exclusivamente paliativos. Conclusão Demência avançada e câncer foram as condições clínicas mais frequentemente associadas à indicação de cuidados paliativos exclusivos em idosos hospitalizados. A elevada mortalidade a curto prazo sugere que o prognóstico deva ser melhor avaliado e discutido com os pacientes e suas famílias no ambiente de Atenção Primária.

Characteristics and Outcomes of Intensive Care Unit Survivors: Experience of a Multidisciplinary Outpatient Clinic in a Teaching Hospital

OBJECTIVES: To describe the experience of an outpatient clinic with the multidisciplinary evaluation of intensive care unit survivors and to analyze their social, psychological, and physical characteristics in a low-income population and a developing country. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. Adult survivors from a general intensive care unit were evaluated three months after discharge in a post-intensive care unit outpatient multidisciplinary clinic over a period of 6 years (2008-2014) in a University Hospital in southern Brazil. RESULTS: A total of 688 out of 1945 intensive care unit survivors received care at the clinic. Of these, 45.2% had psychological disorders (particularly depression), 49.0% had respiratory impairments (abnormal spirometry), and 24.6% had moderate to intense dyspnea during daily life activities. Patients experienced weight loss during hospitalization (mean=11.7%) but good recovery after discharge (mean gain=9.1%), and 94.6% were receiving nutrition orally. One-third of patients showed a reduction of peripheral muscular strength, and 5.7% had moderate to severe tetraparesis or tetraplegia. There was a significant impairment in quality of life (SF-36), particularly in the physical and emotional aspects and in functional capacity. The economic impacts on the affected families, which were mostly low-income families, were considerable. Most patients did not have full access to rehabilitation services, even though half of the families were receiving financial support from the government. CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of intensive care unit survivors evaluated 3 months after discharge had psychological, respiratory, motor, and socioeconomic problems; these findings highlight that strategies aimed to assist critically ill patients should be extended to the post-hospitalization period and that this problem is particularly important in low-income populations.

Biomarkers as predictors of mortality in critically ill patients with solid tumors

ABSTRACT Biochemical markers produced by the affected organ or body in response to disease have gained high clinical value due to assess disease development and being excellent predictors of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to analyze different biochemical markers in critically cancer patients and to determine which of them can be used as predictors of mortality. This is a prospective, cross-sectional study conducted at a University Hospital in Porto Alegre - RS. Screening was done to include patients in the study. Serum biochemical markers obtained in the first 24 hours of Intensive Care Unit hospitalization were analyzed. A second review of medical records occurred after three months objected to identify death or Unit discharged. A sample of 130 individuals was obtained (control group n = 65, study group n = 65). In the multivariate model, serum magnesium values ​​OR = 3.97 (1.17; 13.5), presence of neoplasia OR = 2.68 (95% CI 1.13; 6.37) and absence of sepsis OR = 0.31 (95% CI 0.12; 0.79) were robust predictors of mortality. The association of solid tumors, sepsis presence and alteration in serum magnesium levels resulted in an increased chance of mortality in critically ill patients.

Critérios para síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistêmica e predição de mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes críticos: estudo retrospectivo de coorte / Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria and the prediction of hospital mortality in critically ill patients: a retrospective cohort study

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar se os critérios para definição de síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistêmica podem predizer a mortalidade hospitalar em uma coorte brasileira de pacientes críticos. Métodos: Conduzimos um estudo retrospectivo de coorte em um hospital terciário privado localizado na cidade de São Paulo (SP). Extraímos as informações da base de dados de uma unidade de terapia intensiva para adultos (Sistema EpimedTM). Comparamos o SAPS 3 e o modelo da síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistêmica de forma dicotomizada (≥ 2 critérios, para síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistêmica positiva, em comparação com zero a um critério, para síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistêmica negativa) e variáveis ordinais de zero a 4 (segundo o número de critérios preenchidos para síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistêmica) para predição de mortalidade hospitalar por ocasião da admissão à unidade. A discriminação do modelo foi comparada com uso da área sob a curva receiver operating characteristics (ASCROC). Resultados: Entre janeiro e dezembro de 2012, estudamos 932 pacientes (60,4% deles eram síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistêmica positiva). Os pacientes positivos para síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistêmica estavam em estado crítico mais grave do que os negativos, e tiveram mortalidade hospitalar mais elevada (16,9% versus 8,1%; p < 0,001). Na análise ajustada, ser síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistêmica positivo aumentou de forma independente o risco de óbito em 82% (OR 1,82; IC95% 1,12 - 2,96; p = 0,016). Entretanto, a ASCROC para os critérios do modelo SAPS 3 foi mais elevada (0,81; IC95% 0,78 - 0,85) em comparação ao modelo síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistêmica, tendo os critérios para síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistêmica de forma dicotomizada (0,60; IC95% 0,55 - 0,65) e como variável ordinal (0,62; IC95% 0,57 - 0,68; p < 0,001) para mortalidade hospitalar. Conclusão: Embora a síndrome de resposta inflamatória sistêmica se associe com mortalidade hospitalar, os critérios para esta síndrome tiveram baixa acurácia para predição da mortalidade, quando comparados ao SAPS 3.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study intended to determine whether the systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria can predict hospital mortality in a Brazilian cohort of critically ill patients. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study at a private tertiary hospital in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. We extracted information from the adult intensive care unit database (Sistema EpimedTM). We compared the SAPS 3 and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome model as dichotomous (≥ 2 criteria: systemic inflammatory response syndrome -positive versus 0 - 1 criterion: systemic inflammatory response syndrome -negative) and ordinal variables from 0 to 4 (according to the number of systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria met) in the prediction of hospital mortality at intensive care unit admission. Model discrimination was compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) curve. Results: From January to December 2012, we studied 932 patients (60.4% were systemic inflammatory response syndrome -positive). systemic inflammatory response syndrome -positive patients were more critically ill than systemic inflammatory response syndrome -negative patients and had higher hospital mortality (16.9% versus 8.1%, p < 0.001). In the adjusted analysis, being systemic inflammatory response syndrome -positive independently increased the risk of death by 82% (odds ratio 1.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12 - 2.96, p = 0.016). However, the AUROC curve for the SAPS 3 model was higher (0.81, 95%CI 0.78 - 0.85) compared to the systemic inflammatory response syndrome model with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria as a dichotomous variable (0.60, 95%CI 0.55 - 0.65) and as an ordinal variable (0.62, 95%CI 0.57 - 0.68; p < 0.001) for hospital mortality. Conclusion: Although systemic inflammatory response syndrome is associated with hospital mortality, the systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria show low accuracy in the prediction of mortality compared with the SAPS 3.

Caring for critically ill patients outside intensive care units due to full units: a cohort study

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to analyze the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of critically ill patients who were denied intensive care unit admission due to the unavailability of beds and to estimate the direct costs of treatment. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed with critically ill patients treated in a university hospital. All consecutive patients denied intensive care unit beds due to a full unit from February 2012 to February 2013 were included. The data collected included clinical data, calculation of costs, prognostic scores, and outcomes. The patients were followed for data collection until intensive care unit admission or cancellation of the request for the intensive care unit bed. Vital status at hospital discharge was noted, and patients were classified as survivors or non-survivors considering this endpoint. RESULTS: Four hundred and fifty-four patients were analyzed. Patients were predominantly male (54.6%), and the median age was 62 (interquartile range (ITQ): 47 - 73) years. The median APACHE II score was 22.5 (ITQ: 16 - 29). Invasive mechanical ventilation was used in 298 patients (65.6%), and vasoactive drugs were used in 44.9% of patients. The median time of follow-up was 3 days (ITQ: 2 - 6); after this time, 204 patients were admitted to the intensive care unit and 250 had the intensive care unit bed request canceled. The median total cost per patient was US$ 5,945.98. CONCLUSIONS: Patients presented a high severity in terms of disease scores, had multiple organ dysfunction and needed multiple invasive therapeutic interventions. The study patients received intensive care with specialized consultation during their stay in the hospital wards and presented high costs of treatment.

Doença crítica crônica: estamos salvando ou criando vítimas? / Chronic critical illness: are we saving patients or creating victims?

RESUMO Os avanços tecnológicos que permitem dar suporte às disfunções de órgãos levaram a um aumento nas taxas de sobrevivência para a maioria dos pacientes críticos. Alguns destes pacientes sobrevivem à condição crítica inicial, porém continuam a sofrer com disfunções de órgãos e permanecem em estado inflamatório por longos períodos. Este grupo de pacientes críticos foi descrito desde os anos 1980 e teve diferentes critérios diagnósticos ao longo dos anos. Sabe-se que estes pacientes têm longas permanências no hospital, sofrem importantes alterações do metabolismo muscular e ósseo, apresentam imunodeficiência, consomem quantias substanciais de recursos de saúde, têm reduzida capacidade funcional e cognitiva após a alta, demandam uma considerável carga de trabalho para seus cuidadores, e apresentam elevadas taxas de mortalidade em longo prazo. O objetivo desta revisão foi apresentar as evidências atuais, em termos de definição, fisiopatologia, manifestações clínicas, tratamento e prognóstico da doença crítica persistente.

ABSTRACT The technological advancements that allow support for organ dysfunction have led to an increase in survival rates for the most critically ill patients. Some of these patients survive the initial acute critical condition but continue to suffer from organ dysfunction and remain in an inflammatory state for long periods of time. This group of critically ill patients has been described since the 1980s and has had different diagnostic criteria over the years. These patients are known to have lengthy hospital stays, undergo significant alterations in muscle and bone metabolism, show immunodeficiency, consume substantial health resources, have reduced functional and cognitive capacity after discharge, create a sizable workload for caregivers, and present high long-term mortality rates. The aim of this review is to report on the most current evidence in terms of the definition, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis of persistent critical illness.

Fatores relacionados à ocorrência de eventos adversos em pacientes idosos críticos / Factores relacionados con el acaecimiento de eventos adversos en pacientes críticos de edad avanzada / Factors associated with the occurrence of adverse events in critical elderly patients

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os fatores relacionados à ocorrência de eventos adversos em pacientes idosos críticos internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva segundo características demográficas e clínicas. Método: estudo de coorte retrospectivo realizado em nove unidades de um hospital universitário. Os dados foram coletados dos prontuários e do acompanhamento de passagens de plantão de enfermagem. Utilizou-se o Teste-t/Mann-Whitney, Qui-quadrado e Regressão Logística para verificar associações. Nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: do total de 315 idosos, 94 sofreram eventos. Os que sofreram eventos eram homens (60,6%), com média de idade de 70,7 anos, permanência de 10,6 dias e sobreviventes (61,7%). Dos 183 eventos, houve predomínio do tipo processo clínico e procedimento (37,1%). Houve associação entre evento adverso e tempo de permanência na unidade (p=0,000; OR=1,10; IC95%=[1,06;1,14]). Conclusão: a identificação dos eventos e fatores associados no idoso subsidiam a prevenção dessas ocorrências perante as vulnerabilidades dessa faixa etária.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los factores relacionados con el acaecimiento de eventos adversos en pacientes críticos de edad avanzada según características demográficas y clínicas, internados en Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Método: estudio de corte retrospectivo realizado en nueve unidades de un hospital universitario. Se recolectaron datos de los prontuarios y del acompañamiento de la guardia de enfermería. Las asociaciones se comprobaron mediante la Prueba de Mann-Whitney, la distribución de Pearson (ji cuadrado) y la Regresión Logística. El nivel de significación fue del 5%. Resultados: sufrieron eventos 94 personas mayores del total de 315, siendo del sexo masculino el 60,6%, con edad promedio de 70,7 años, permanencia de 10,6 días y sobrevivencia del 61,7%. De los 183 eventos, predominó el proceso clínico y el procedimiento (37,1%). Se observó que el evento adverso y el tiempo de permanencia en la unidad estaban relacionados (p=0,000; OR=1,10; IC95%=[1,06;1,14]). Conclusión: la identificación de los eventos y de los factores asociados a la vejez auxilia en la prevención de dichos sucesos frente a la vulnerabilidad de ese grupo de edad.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the factors associated with the occurrence of adverse events in critical elderly patients admitted to intensive care unit according to demographic and clinical characteristics. Method: a retrospective cohort study was conducted in nine units of a teaching hospital. Data were collected from medical records and from monitoring of nursing shift change. We used the t-test/Mann-Whitney, chi-square and logistic regression to test associations. Significance level of 5% was used. Results: out of the 315 elderly, 94 experienced events. Those who experienced events were men (60.6%) with mean age of 70.7 years, length of hospital stay of 10.6 days and survivors (61.7%). Most of the 183 events were clinical processes and procedures (37.1%). There was an association between adverse event and length of hospital stay in the unit (p=0.000; OR=1.10, 95% CI [1.06, 1.14]). Conclusion: the identification of associated events and factors in the elderly subsidize the prevention of these occurrences before the vulnerability of this age group.

Hospital survival upon discharge of ill-neonates transported by ground or air ambulance to a tertiary center / Sobrevida hospitalar após a alta de neonatos doentes transportados por ambulância terrestre ou aérea para um centro terciário

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the differences in hospital survival between modes of transport to a tertiary center in Colombia for critically ill neonates. Methods: Observational study of seriously ill neonates transported via air or ground, who required medical care at a center providing highly complex services. Data on sociodemographic, clinical, the Transport Risk Index of Physiologic Stability (TRIPS), and mode of transport were collected. Patients were described, followed by a bivariate analysis with condition (live or dead) at time of discharge as the dependent variable. A multiple Poisson regression with robust variance model was used to adjust associations. Results: A total of 176 neonates were transported by ambulance (10.22% by air) over six months. The transport distances were longer by air (median: 237.5 km) than by ground (median: 11.3 km). Mortality was higher among neonates transported by air (33.33%) than by ground (7.79%). No differences in survival were found between the two groups when adjusted by the multiple model. An interaction between mode of transport and distance was observed. Live hospital discharge was found to be associated with clinical severity upon admittance, birth weight, hemorrhaging during the third trimester, and serum potassium levels when admitted. Conclusions: Mode of transport was not associated with the outcome. In Colombia, access to medical services through air transport is a good option for neonates in critical condition. Further studies would determine the optimum distance (time of transportation) to obtain good clinical outcomes according type of ambulance.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar as diferenças na sobrevida hospitalar entre os modos de transporte para um centro terciário na Colômbia para neonatos gravemente doentes. Métodos: Estudo observacional de neonatos gravemente doentes transportados por ar ou terra que precisam de cuidados médicos em um centro que oferece serviços altamente complexos. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, clínicos, sobre o Índice de Risco da Estabilidade Fisiológica no Transporte (TRIPS) e o meio de transporte. Os pacientes foram descritos e submetidos a uma análise bivariada e a variável dependente foi a condição (vivo ou morto) no momento da alta. Uma regressão múltipla de Poisson com modelo de variância robusta foi usada para ajustar as associações. Resultados: Foram transportados 176 neonatos por ambulância (10,22% pelo ar) ao longo de seis meses. As distâncias foram maiores pelo ar (mediana: 237,5 km) do que por terra (mediana: 11,3 km). A mortalidade foi mais alta entre neonatos transportados pelo ar (33,33%) do que por terra (7,79%). Não foram encontradas diferenças na sobrevida entre os dois grupos após o ajuste com o modelo múltiplo. Foi observada uma interação entre o meio de transporte e a distância. A alta hospitalar com vida foi associada à gravidade clínica na internação, ao peso ao nascer, à hemorragia durante o terceiro trimestre e aos níveis de potássio sérico na internação. Conclusões: O meio de transporte não foi associado ao resultado. Na Colômbia, o acesso a serviços médicos por transporte aéreo é uma boa opção para neonatos em condições críticas. Estudos adicionais determinariam a distância ideal (tempo de transporte) para obter bons resultados clínicos de acordo com o tipo de ambulância.

Association between nutritional status and outcomes in critically-ill pediatric patients – a systematic review / Relação do estado nutricional com desfechos em pacientes pediátricos críticos - Revisão sistemática

Abstract Objectives: To systematically review the evidence about the impact of nutritional status in critically-ill pediatric patients on the following outcomes during hospitalization in pediatric intensive care units: length of hospital stay, need for mechanical ventilation, and mortality. Data source: The search was carried out in the following databases: Lilacs (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences), MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine United States) and Embase (Elsevier Database). No filters were selected. Results: A total of seven relevant articles about the subject were included. The publication period was between 1982 and 2012. All articles assessed the nutritional status of patients on admission at pediatric intensive care units and correlated it to at least one assessed outcome. A methodological quality questionnaire created by the authors was applied, which was based on some references and the researchers’ experience. All included studies met the quality criteria, but only four met all the items. Conclusion: The studies included in this review suggest that nutritional depletion is associated with worse outcomes in pediatric intensive care units. However, studies are scarce and those existing show no methodological homogeneity, especially regarding nutritional status assessment and classification methods. Contemporary and well-designed studies are needed in order to properly assess the association between children's nutritional status and its impact on outcomes of these patients.

Resumo Objetivos: Revisar, de forma sistemática, as evidências acerca do impacto do estado nutricional de pacientes pediátricos críticos sobre os seguintes desfechos durante a internação em unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica: tempo de internação, necessidade de ventilação mecânica e mortalidade. Fonte de dados: A busca foi feita nas seguintes bases de dados: Lilacs (Literatura Latino‐Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), Medline (National Library of Medicine, Estados Unidos) e Embase (Elsevier Base de Dados). Não houve seleção de filtros. Resultados: Foram incluídos sete artigos relevantes sobre o tema. O período de publicação variou entre 1982 e 2012. Todos avaliam o estado nutricional de pacientes no momento da internação em terapia intensiva pediátrica e se relacionam com pelo menos um desfecho estudado. Foi aplicado um questionário de qualidade metodológica criado pelos autores. Ele foi baseado em algumas referências e na experiência dos pesquisadores. Todos os estudos incluídos alcançaram os critérios de qualidade, porém apenas quatro atenderam a todos os itens. Conclusão: Os estudos incluídos nesta revisão sugerem que a depleção do estado nutricional está relacionada com piores desfechos em terapia intensiva pediátrica. Porém os estudos são escassos e os existentes não têm uniformidade metodológica, em especial nos métodos de avaliação e classificação do estado nutricional. São necessários estudos atuais e bem delineados com o objetivo de avaliar adequadamente essa relação entre o estado nutricional de crianças e sua repercussão nos desfechos desses pacientes.

Actitud del enfermero intensivista ante la muerte del paciente crítico en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión - 2015 / Attitude of the intensivist nurse before the death of the patient critical in the Intensive Care Unit at the Hospital National Daniel Alcides Carrion-2015

El estudio tuvo como objetivo; determinar la actitud del enfermero ante la muerte del paciente crítico en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Nacional Alcides Carrión - 2015. Material y Método: El estudio fue de nivel aplicativo, tipo cuantitativo, método descriptivo, correlacional de corte transversal, la población estuvo conformada por 35 enfermeras, la técnica fue la encuesta y el instrumento un cuestionario. Resultados: Del 100 por ciento (35), 43 por ciento (15) muestran una actitud de indiferencia, 31 por ciento (11) rechazo y 26 por ciento (9) aceptación. En la dimensión cognitiva; del 100 por ciento (35), 46 por ciento (16) tienen una actitud de indiferencia, 34 por ciento (12) rechazo y 31 por ciento (11) aceptación; en la dimensión afectiva del 100 por ciento (35), 43 por ciento (15) tienen una actitud de indiferencia, 37 por ciento (13) rechazo y 29 por ciento (10) aceptación; en la dimensión conductual del 100 por ciento (35); 49 por ciento (17) tienen una actitud de indiferencia, 34 por ciento (12) rechazo y 29 por ciento (10) aceptación. Conclusiones: Un mayor porcentaje de los profesionales de enfermería tiene una actitud de indiferencia ante la muerte del paciente crítico, en la dimensión cognitiva, afectiva, conductual.

The study aimed; determine the attitude of nurses to the death of critically ill patients in the Intensive Care Unit of the National Hospital Alcides Carrion - 2015. Material and Method: The study was applicative level, quantitative type, descriptive method, correlational cross-sectional population consisted of 35 nurses, the technique was the survey instrument and a questionnaire. Results: 100 per cent (35), 43 per cent (15) show an attitude of indifference, 31 per cent (11) rejection and 26 per cent (9) acceptance. In the cognitive dimension; 100 per cent (35), 46 per cent (16) have an attitude of indifference, 34 per cent (12) rejection and 31 per cent (11) acceptance; in the affective dimension of 100 per cent (35), 43 per cent (15) have an attitude of indifference, 37 per cent (13) rejection and 29 per cent (10) acceptance; in behavioral dimension of 100 per cent (35); 49 per cent (17) have an attitude of indifference, 34 per cent (12) rejection and 29 per cent (10) acceptance. Conclusions: A higher percentage of nurses has an attitude of indifference to the death of critically ill patients, cognitive, emotional, behavioral dimension.

Influence of Daily Fluid Balance prior to Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy on Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients

Positive fluid balance is a risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients, especially those requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). However, the association between daily fluid balance and various organ impairments remains unclear. This study investigated the impacts of daily fluid balance prior to CRRT on organ dysfunction, as well as mortality in critically ill patients. We identified daily fluid balance between intensive care unit (ICU) admission and CRRT initiation. According to daily fluid balance, the time to CRRT initiation and the rate of organ failure based on the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score were assessed. We recruited 100 patients who experienced CRRT for acute kidney injury. CRRT was initiated within 2 [0, 4] days. The time to CRRT initiation was shortened in proportion to daily fluid balance, even after the adjustment for the renal SOFA score at ICU admission (HR 1.14, P = 0.007). Based on the SOFA score, positive daily fluid balance was associated with respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, and coagulation failure, independent of each initial SOFA score at ICU admission (HR 1.36, 1.26, 1.24 and 2.26, all P < 0.05). Ultimately, we found that positive fluid balance was related with an increase in the rate of 28-day mortality (HR 1.14, P = 0.012). Positive daily fluid balance may accelerate the requirement for CRRT, moreover, it can be associated with an increased risk of multiple organ failure in critically ill patients.

Influence of Daily Fluid Balance prior to Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy on Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients

Positive fluid balance is a risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients, especially those requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). However, the association between daily fluid balance and various organ impairments remains unclear. This study investigated the impacts of daily fluid balance prior to CRRT on organ dysfunction, as well as mortality in critically ill patients. We identified daily fluid balance between intensive care unit (ICU) admission and CRRT initiation. According to daily fluid balance, the time to CRRT initiation and the rate of organ failure based on the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score were assessed. We recruited 100 patients who experienced CRRT for acute kidney injury. CRRT was initiated within 2 [0, 4] days. The time to CRRT initiation was shortened in proportion to daily fluid balance, even after the adjustment for the renal SOFA score at ICU admission (HR 1.14, P = 0.007). Based on the SOFA score, positive daily fluid balance was associated with respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, and coagulation failure, independent of each initial SOFA score at ICU admission (HR 1.36, 1.26, 1.24 and 2.26, all P < 0.05). Ultimately, we found that positive fluid balance was related with an increase in the rate of 28-day mortality (HR 1.14, P = 0.012). Positive daily fluid balance may accelerate the requirement for CRRT, moreover, it can be associated with an increased risk of multiple organ failure in critically ill patients.